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Entrepreneurship in Russia
Although some scholars treat the formation of any small business as entrepreneurship (eg., Carland, Hoy, Boulton, & Carland 1984, p. 358), the current study draws a distinction between small business owners and entrepreneurs and between small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures. Entrepreneurial ventures are characterized by innovative strategic practices and goals of profitability and growth. Earlier studies (eg., Schumpeter, 1934; Carland et al., 1984) describe entrepreneurial innovation in terms of introducing new goods or methods of production, opening new markets or new sources of supply, or reorganizing industries. Entrepreneurs are characterized by innovative behavior and strategic business management practices. They establish and manage a business for the principle purposes of profit and growth. In contrast, small business owners focus on personal goals and view their businesses as an extension of their personalities, bound to family needs and desires, such as income.